Precontemplation

• Increase awareness of need to change
• Give personalized information (benefits of quitting)
• Encourage thinking about change
• Offer to help if they do decide to change

Contemplation

• Motivate and increase confidence
• Emphasize benefits of change
• Explore concerns and fears
• Help resolve ambivalence

Preparation

• Help individualize a plan for change
• Set realistic goals
• Provide options
• Provide and have patient seek social support

Action

• Reaffirm commitment and follow-up
• Teach behavioral skills
• Provide educational materials
• Note benefits
• Celebrate success and use rewards
• Continue follow-up

Maintenance

• Encourage to plan for potential difficulties
• Use support network

Relapse

• Assist in coping and facilitate another attempt
• Overcome shame and guilt
• Use relapse as a learning experience
• Analyze what went wrong
• Emphasize persistence