Segregation 10.25 Presentation

About the Institute on Race & Poverty

Founded in 1993 by john a. powell
Focus: Real issues that affect real people.
Goals: Create a better understanding of issues confronting communities facing the combined challenges of race and poverty.

What is the Problem?
Social and racial inequalities are geographically inscribed.
There is a polarization between the rich and the poor that is directly related to the areas in which they live.

SPRAWL
+
FRAGMENTATION/EXCLUSION
=
CONCENTRATED
POVERTY

Minneapolis-Saint Paul Sprawl
Population has boomed in the suburbs, while it is continuing to drop in the central cities.
Land has developed at a 3:1 ratio to population in the region, from 1950-1990.
2/3 of new jobs will open in the suburbs in the upcoming years.

10 Most Segregated
Metropolitan Regions
in the United States

Detroit

Cleveland

Saint Louis

Indianapolis

New York

Milwaukee

Newark

Chicago

Philadelphia

Minneapolis-Saint Paul

How are the Twin Cities Segregated?

65% of the Twin Cities population of color are segregated in the central cities.

Twin Cities Dissimilarity of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Racial Segregation in Schools

Most students in the Twin Cities attend schools in their neighborhoods
Neighborhood-based schooling is a retreat from desegregation

Segregation in education exacerbates housing segregation

Segregation of Black Students in States with Less than 6% Black Public School Enrollment
States, by Rank of Segregation	% Black Students in the State	% in Schools of 50-100% Minority Students
Minnesota	5.2%	57.1%
New Mexico	2.4	56.4
Colorado	5.5	55.2
Arizona	4.3	55.1
Nebraska	6.0	37.9
Oregon	2.5	31.6
Washington	4.8	30.9

Click on image (below) to see full size map.

Concentrated Poverty

Concentrated Poverty isolates inner-city communities
from educational and economic opportunities

Number of Census Tracts with 40% or more residents in poverty

Year

Minneapolis/
St. Paul

1970

1980

1990

Land Use and the Region
What happens when land use is not coordinated and zoning is not inclusionary?
Sprawling Metropolitan		Concentration of affordable housing in central cities
Low Density Development		Financial disincentives for developing affordable housing in suburbs

Click on image (above) to enlarge.

Inclusionary Zoning Devices

Set-asides plus rent and price controls which remain in place for 10 years
Density bonuses for developers

Review committees for affordable housing rejections

Requirements that local communities develop goals to assist affordable housing growth

What is Gentrification?

Gentrification is the process of neighborhood, citywide, or regional change that results in the large scale displacement of lower income residents by higher income residents. These neighborhoods are not in transition to mixed income, multiracial communities. Instead they are in transition to middle and upper middle class communities.

Negative Effects of Gentrification
•Increased Homelessness. •Displaced children must change schools, negatively impacting academic performance. •Overcrowded housing results as families double-up. •Displaced elderly residents must leave communities that feel familiar and safe. •Moving costs for relocating to often inferior housing. •More time and money spent by displaced people traveling to and from work.

Revitalization without Displacement
•Reinvestment is occurring in the Twin Cities •The rates of investment/new home mortgages are lower than in rich cities where gentrification translates into displacement, but these trends should be watched
Region	Capital/Mortgage Investment (1997)	Rank
Chicago	$323,508.00	1
Boston	$179,786.00	2
Seattle	$106,629.00	3
Philadelphia	$66,764.00	4
Washington	64,479.00	5
Minneapolis	$15,053.00	6
Milwaukee	5,993.00	7
Detroit	1,150.00	8

Fragmentation, Concentrated Poverty, and Gentrification
Fragmentation, concentrated poverty, and gentrification isolate inner-city communities from educational and economic opportunities.

How Can Regionalism Help?
•What a city or a single jurisdiction can accomplish by itself is limited. •Regionalism can integrate regional decision-making and local control. •Thus, local groups can both maintain an effective voice and operate within a regional resource-sharing structure.

How to Open Housing Opportunities for People of Color in the Region
Adopt a Fair-Share Plan Enforce Fair Housing Laws Market the affordable housing that is available Remove zoning and other regulatory barriers Employ density bonuses and mandatory set-asides
Site opportunity-based affordable housing throughout the region, rather than exclusively in areas of racial and economic segregation

What Regional Stakeholders Can Do
Provide housing that is accessible to a range of incomes, county-by-county.		Equity-focused Smart Growth Initiatives.
Aggressively market the affordable housing that IS available.		Encourage opportunity-based affordable housing throughout the metropolitan region.

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