OPINION No. 2/2003 (CHINA)
Communication addressed to the Government on 27 January 2003.
Concerning: Yang Jianli.
The State has signed but not yet ratified the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights
1. (Same text as paragraph 1 of opinion No. 15/2002.)
2. The Working Group conveys its appreciation to the Government for having forwarded
the requested information in good time.
3. (Same text as paragraph 3 of opinion No. 15/2002.)
4. In the light of the allegations made, the Working Group welcomes the cooperation
of the Government. The Working Group regrets, however, that the Government has
not addressed all the important issues raised by the source. The Working Group
transmitted the reply provided by the Government to the source, which provided
the Working Group with its comments. The Working Group believes that it is in
a position to render an opinion on the facts and circumstances of the case,
in the context of the allegations made and the response of the Government thereto.
5. According to the information submitted to the Group, Yang Jianli, 39 years
old, a citizen of China and a legal resident of the United States of America,
was arrested on 26 April 2002 at the Kunming airport by members of the Kunming
City Public Security Bureau, reportedly for entering China with false or incomplete
identity documents. The forces that carried out the arrest did not show any
arrest warrant or other decision by a public authority.
6. It was reported that Mr. Yang was brought to a hotel near the airport. He
was able to speak by telephone with his wife, Fu Xiang, who was at their home
in Brookline, Massachusetts, on the evening of 26 April 2002. Mr. Yang informed
his wife that he had been detained and was being held in a hotel room guarded
by police officers. He spoke to his wife again the next morning. Since then,
he has been detained incommunicado. It is believed that he was being held at
the Beijing Public Security Bureau Detention House.
7. According to the information received, Yang Jianli was born in China and
remains a Chinese citizen. In June 1989 he was reportedly forced to flee China
owing to his involvement in the events known commonly as the “Tiananmen
Square uprising of 1989”. In 1992 he received a resident alien card (“green
card”) from the Government of the United States. In 1991, he obtained
a PhD in mathematics from the University of California at Berkeley. Ten years
later, he received a PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University’s
Kennedy School of Government. Yang Jianli is the founder and president of the
organization called Foundation for China in the 21st Century and has been active
in the movement to promote democratization since the 1980s.
8. Authorities have allegedly refused to allow members of his family to visit
Mr. Yang or to arrange to provide him with legal counsel. No formal charges
have been presented against him. It was further reported that authorities informally
acknowledged Mr. Yang’s detention after approximately two months when,
on 21 June 2002, police authorities in the city of Linyi in Shandong Province
informed Mr. Yang’s brother, Yang Jianjun, by telephone that Mr. Yang
had been formally arrested on 2 June 2002.
9. It was alleged that the failure of the authorities to provide a copy of the
formal detention notice to Mr. Yang’s family deprives them under Chinese
law of the authority to retain legal counsel on Mr. Yang’s behalf. It
was argued that lawyers cannot take up the case without a copy of the detention
notice.
10. It was said that article 64 of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s
Republic of China states that within 24 hours after a person has been detained,
the detaining authority must notify the family or employer of the detainee of
the reasons for the detention and the place of custody, except in such circumstances
where such notification would hinder the investigation. The authorities failed
to do this.
11. It was further stated that article 69 of the Criminal Procedure Law permits
detention without a warrant in certain emergency circumstances. There is ordinarily
a time limit of 37 days for such detention. It was alleged that the authorities
failed to release him within the 37-day time limit.
12. The source pointed out that although the law requires that the detainee
be permitted rapid access to legal counsel, Mr. Yang has not been provided with
access to a lawyer. The authorities have failed to provide Mr. Yang’s
family with a copy of the detention notice so that his family might arrange
legal representation for him, effectively denying Mr. Yang access to legal counsel.
13. The source further reports that Mr. Yang’s wife travelled to China
from the United States in an attempt to learn where her husband was being held
and the reasons for his detention and to arrange for legal representation. She
arrived in China on 23 May 2002 and was forcibly expelled from China on the
same day.
14. In its observations on the allegations of the source, the Government stated
that Yang Jianli was apprehended by the Chinese public security authorities
in April 2002 for unlawfully entering the country on another person’s
passport. On 21 June 2002, after obtaining due approval from the Beijing city
procurator’s office, he was taken into custody by the Beijing public security
authorities on suspicion that his activities were in breach of the provisions
of article 322 of the Chinese Criminal Code, relating to the offence of illegally
crossing the State frontier, and, in accordance with due legal process, his
relatives living in the country were
notified. In the course of the investigation into Mr. Yang’s case, the
judicial authorities ascertained that he might also have committed other offences
and his case is currently still under investigation, in accordance with the
law.
15. China is a signatory or party to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment and other international human rights instruments and unfailingly
respects their universal provisions on human rights. At the same time, China
has set in place comprehensive domestic legislation to safeguard human rights.
Under the Chinese Constitution, citizens enjoy freedom of speech, of the press,
of assembly and of association and other extensive freedoms, and the Constitution
stipulates that no citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision
of
the procurator’s office and that arrests may only be made by the public
security authorities. As for the prevention of torture, the Chinese Criminal
Code and the Chinese Code of Criminal Procedure, together with the Police Act
and other statutes, all contain strict provisions to that effect. Yang Jianli
was taken into custody solely because he was suspected of having breached Chinese
law. In the case in question, the Chinese public security authorities have acted
in strict accordance with due legal process; the lawful rights of the person
concerned have been fully protected. The action taken against Yang Jianli does
not constitute an instance of arbitrary detention.
16. In its reply to the observations of the Government, the source contended
that the Government failed to refute or deny most of the allegations concerning
the detention of Yang Jianli.
17. Bearing in mind that the criminal procedure in the case of Yang Jianli is
ongoing, the Working Group points out that its task is not to evaluate facts
and evidence in a particular case; this would be tantamount to replacing the
national courts, which falls outside the Working Group’s remit. The Working
Group is called upon to assess whether the international norms and standards
have been observed in the criminal procedure during which Yang Jianli has been
and is
being deprived of his liberty.
18. In this respect, the Working Group found that the Government did not contest
or refute the allegation that the authorities only informally acknowledged his
detention after approximately two months, when they told Mr. Yang’s brother
by telephone that he had been arrested on 2 June 2002, whereas in fact he was
apprehended at the airport on 26 April and has been in detention since. The
Government did not challenge the contention of the source that the silence of
the authorities was contrary to article 64 of the Criminal Procedure Law of
the People’s Republic of China, which provides that within 24 hours after
a person has been detained, the detaining authority must notify the family for
the reason of the detention and the place of custody, except in such circumstances
where the notification would hinder the investigation. Such circumstances were
not invoked by the Government. It was not contested either that the failure
of the authorities to provide a copy of a formal detention notice to Mr. Yang’s
family deprived them from the authority to retain legal counsel on Mr. Yang’s
behalf. Furthermore, the Government did not deny that despite article 69 of
the Criminal Procedure Act, which permits detention for 37 days without a warrant
in certain emergency
circumstances, Mr. Yang was not released after the 37-day time limit had expired.
19. Therefore, the Working Group cannot but conclude that to keep Yang Jianli
in detention for more than two months without an arrest warrant and without
enabling his family to hire a lawyer to defend him constitute an infringement
of the basic international norms relating to the right to a fair trial.
20. In the light of the foregoing the Working Group expresses the following
opinion: The failure to observe Yang Jianli’s right to a fair trial is
of such gravity as to give his deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character.
Therefore, his arrest and detention are arbitrary, being in contravention of
article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of article 9 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and falls within category
III of the categories applicable to the consideration of cases submitted to
the Working Group.
21. Consequent upon this opinion, the Working Group requests the Government
to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Yang Jianli in order
to bring it into conformity with the provisions and principles of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, and encourages it to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.
Adopted on 7 May 2003
E/CN.4/2004/3/Add.1