BASIC
COUNTRY DATA
Population,
2000 estimate:
6.3 million
Ethnicities:
90 % mestizo (mixed Amerindian and
European), 7
% Amerindian,
2 % black, 1 % white
Religion:
97 % Roman Catholic, Protestant minority
GDP
(purchasing power parity), 1999 estimate:
US$14.1 billion
GDP
per capita, 1999 estimate:
US$ 2,050
Annual
growth in GNP per capita,
1999-2003 estimate:
2.8 %
Total
unemployment:
30 %
Women’s
unemployment:
60 %
[1]
Major
industries: Agriculture (bananas, coffee, shellfish,
meat, timber), Manufacturing (Export Processing
and Assembly)
Fertility
Rate, 2000 estimate:
4.26
births per woman
Birth
deliveries attended by trained personnel:
54%
[2]
Infant
Mortality Rate:
36 deaths per 1,000 live
births
(high: Cuba - 7.51 ,
Lat. America average - 31)
Life
expectancy at birth, 2000 estimate:
Total - 69.93 years
Male - 67.91 years
Female - 72.06 years
Poverty:
50 %
of population below national poverty line
Illiteracy,
1999:
Male
(urban areas):
26.1%
Female
(urban areas):
25.9%
Sources:
World
Bank Group unless indicated otherwise
[3]
Overview
Honduras ranks among the lowest income countries
in the Americas and its economy relies heavily on
agriculture. In the 1980s, the country experienced a long
period of economic decline.
Since 1990, the economy registered an average
growth of six percent fueled by growth in manufacturing
and construction.
President Carlos Roberto Flores of the Liberal
Party took office in January 1998 after what was
considered internationally a relatively clean election.
In October 1998, Honduras was devastated by Hurricane Mitch,
one of the worst natural disasters to strike the
Western Hemisphere. The storm killed 5,000 people,
left thousands of people homeless, and caused US$3
billion damage to the country’s infrastructure.
[4]
The effects of Mitch will have long-term impact
on the country’s economy.
As a result of storm damage, GDP contracted
by about three percent in 1999.
In general, the economic crisis and the structural adjustment program adopted
in 1990 has led to increased poverty, especially
in the rural areas. Despite the widespread damage and losses in
the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it has
been reported that the country is meeting its “macroeconomic”
goals.
[5]
However, there is some evidence that the “good
macroeconomic performance” sometimes comes at a
price and the greatest sacrifice is by the country’s
poorest. For
example, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
reported that the economic modernization policy
in Honduras — which is aimed at integration into
the international market and privatization — discouraged
the production of basic grains resulting in decreased
family food security.
High population growth coupled with the above-described
economic factors have affected farmers and led to
increased poverty. With
lower salaries and no direct access to land, women
experience poverty more acutely, which in turn worsens
already high infant mortality and malnutrition rates.
[6]
STATUS
OF WOMEN IN HONDURAS UNDER SPECIFIC ICESCR ARTICLES:
COVENANT
ARTICLE 2 AND 3: Non-Discrimination and Obligation
of States Parties to Adopt Legislative Measures
and Equal Rights of Men and Women
Mechanisms
Created to Advance Women
Following the ratification of the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) in 1988, the Honduran government
revised the Agrarian Reform Law in 1991 to give
women equal rights to land.
The Law for the Modernization and Development
of the Agricultural Sector (LMA) recognized women
as producers. Moreover, the Women’s Commission and
a Permanent Forum in the National Congress have
been instituted to provide a way to channel legal
reform initiatives and disseminate information on
laws for women.
[7]
On the policy level, institutional mechanisms
have been created to facilitate women’s access to
a range of services related to agricultural work.
The Committee for Integration of Rural Women
in Agrarian Reform and the Coordination Commission
for Development of Rural Women were established
to redefine mechanisms and technical assistance
services in order to make them more useful and accessible
to women, including credit and access to land.
[8]
To date, according to experts, these efforts
have produced only minimal results and have not
changed the basic situation of inequality nor improved
women’s status.
Despite equal rights under the law, application
is limited or non-existent for the rural poor, who
lack the education and experience with a market
system to demand compliance with the law. The FAO has reported that women continue to face a variety of obstacles
when trying to obtain credit and investment capital.
[9]
Another national mechanism for women, the
Instituto
Nacional de la Mujer (INAM; National Institute
for Women), charged
with political work to advance women’s status, is
ineffective as it is severely underfunded:
According to Emma Mejía-Sabonge, Director
of Acciónes
Para El Desarollo Poblacional (ADP;
Population Development Program), “INAM receives
less funding than the zoo, and the zoo is in a pretty
bad shape.”
[10]
So far, a gender perspective and a plan
for action has not been adopted in policy analysis
on the governmental level.
Women’s human rights activists told IWRAW
that women need to have a greater representation
and attention to their specific problems in every
ministry and not only in agencies created specifically
to focus on advancing women’s status.
[11]
Marriage/Divorce/Separation
According to NGO sources in Honduras, the
law does not provide properly for the division of
marital property upon divorce or separation. According
to Mejía-Sabonge,
in case of divorce or separation men typically
receive the majority of the marriage property as
they are seen as the breadwinners who have contributed
more to the family.
Women’s contribution is unacknowledged since
most of their work is done in the home. In rural zones, the division of common property is further complicated by the fact
that about half of all unions are common law marriages
[12]
While recent changes in
the law have simplified the divorce process and
made divorce more accessible
[13]
it is unclear whether the
new law addresses the question of marital property
division.
COVENANT
ARTICLE 6, 7 and 8: Right to Work,
to
Just and Favorable Conditions of Work, and to Form
and Join Trade Unions
Women constitute 60 percent of the unemployed
in Honduras and they often work in the low-status,
low-pay, informal occupations, such as domestic help.
[14]
According to the 2000 UNDP Human Development Report, per capita GDP attributable
to women is less than one-third of the GDP attributable
to men (US$ 1,252 compared to US$ 3,595).
[15]
Women’s
Economic Losses as Result of Hurricane Mitch
According to Enlace, a publication of the Christian Commission for Development
in Honduras (CCD), women’s losses during the storm
often have been discounted by relief programs.
[16]
Several activists that IWRAW
interviewed stated that women were not represented
on the Foro
Nacional (National Forum),
instituted to assess damage and produce a
plan of action following Hurricane Mitch. According to Teresa López, gender programs coordinator with CCD,
in addition to losing homes and fields, women also
lost the inventory of their “patio economy” such
as small animals, kitchen utensils and gardens. López claims that since women’s income is considered a secondary source in many families,
women’s economic losses were not properly included
in initial damage assessments.
For example, a woman may have lost all her
chickens, which represented only a small portion
of the total family income, yet the chickens were
the source of all of her personal disposable income,
because of family budget structure and distributional
issues. López
told IWRAW, “If women don’t have their own source of income,
it makes them more vulnerable and dependent on their
partners.”
[17]
EPZs
(Economic Processing Zones)/Maquiladoras
Despite mixed reactions in Honduras to the
existence of maquiladoras
(Asian and US assembly plants producing for
export), several women’s activists that IWRAW interviewed
expressed the opinion that people are generally
supportive of the industry and thankful for their
existence as they provide an income source when
no other options exist, especially for women.
[18]
At the same time, they are critical of abuses
that occur in the industry.
Women comprise about 80 percent of workers
in maquiladoras. The majority of the plants are located in the
industrial zone surrounding Santa Barbara and San
Pedro Sula.
[19]
For several years, factory owners have been
under intense scrutiny from the International Labor
Organization (ILO) and many international NGOs.
Policies have been adopted to force factories
to give workers rights after they have worked a
certain period of time in the factory.
In order to avoid following these regulations,
factories release workers just prior to when they
would acquire their benefits. This leads to added job instability for the maquila workers.
[20]
As the maquiladora workers are mostly single
young women from 18-24 years old (although American
students investigating the Chelsea Factory in Honduras
noted seeing 12-13 year old girls working in the
plant
[21]
), employees often require them
to undergo sterilization as a condition of hiring,
and those who become pregnant are fired. Although
the 8-hour days is the supposed norm, they are often
forced to work overtime. The average salary amounts to about 500 lempira
(US$33) week.
Some maquilas are unionized, and conditions
in such factories are usually
better, verbal abuse less frequent and overtime
not required,
[22]
although even in those, workers receive neither
medical insurance nor social benefits.
Employees in maquiladoras face numerous obstacles
when trying to organize a union or in the process
of applying for the union status. This was the case with workers’ attempts to
unionize at the Yoo Yang company in the Continental
Park. The Yoo Yang workers applied for collective
bargaining agreement in March 2000, but by August
2000, the agreement had not been approved.
[23]
In similar cases when workers have tried to
organize, companies such as Phillips Van-Heusen,
have either threatened to move out of the country
or have moved their production to Guatemala or elsewhere.
[24]
For instance a Korean Kimi maquila factory
closed down in May 2000
[25]
after a 4-year struggle with
workers who were attempting to register a union.
Although the Kimi workers and their SITRAKIMIH
union won legal recognition in 1997, the company
eventually moved its operations to a non-union Modas
Cielo factory in Guatemala. Kimi is a supplier of companies such as J.C.
Penney and Collegiate Licensing Company (supplying
clothing to US colleges, including Indiana University
and Duke University).
[26]
Rural
Women
According to a 1994 FAO report, 20 percent
of rural households in Honduras are headed by women. Women play a crucial role in some sectors of
agricultural production (especially in the small
farmer sectors) working an average of four hours
per day performing crop and livestock work.
[27]
In the 1990s, there were some 40 NGOs providing
support to rural women, chiefly through small projects
for income generation and other types of assistance.
Government generally has been supportive and has
encouraged NGOs to provide some services that it
cannot provide because it lacks funds.
[28]
Access to Land
After 30 years of the agrarian reform process,
in 1993,
women comprised only four percent of the owners
of land and 22 percent of those in the land title
program.
[29]
It is unknown what has changed since that
time. In
the 1990s, women had very limited access to credit
and generally received smaller amounts of financial
help than men. For example, among the beneficiaries
of the Honduran Coffee Institute (IHCAFE) — which
provides credit to the coffee sector — only 9.5
percent were women.
[30]
Agricultural Training
Despite the existence of various agricultural
training programs, the enrollment and participation
of women has been very low.
In 1990-1993, for example, only 11 percent
of women were trained in agriculture-related technologies
and no women participated in farm mechanization
and food storage training. In 1993, women comprised 25 percent of those
trained by the Honduran Corporation for Forest Development
(COHDEFOR) and IHCAFE.
[31]
It is unknown what has been done to stimulate
women’s participation in these types of training.
COVENANT
ARTICLE 9 AND 10: Right to Social Security
and
Protection of the Family and of Mothers and Children
Social
Security
Honduras currently has no social security
or federal pension program.
People well into their eighties must work
to support themselves. Because of women’s longer life expectancy, elderly women disproportionately
suffer the consequences of the lack of social security.
Some sell tortillas or wash laundry, often making
long treks to the wealthier parts of town to find
work each day.
[32]
Child
Prostitution
Many young girls are involved in the prostitution
industry in Honduras.
Some of these children have not finished
the fourth grade. Some girls say they were initially involved in gangs and then moved
on to prostitution.
No statistics exist to know exactly how many
children are involved in the industry. Additionally, many of the children involved do not speak out, frequently because
they fear losing an income that is necessary to
support themselves or their families.
[33]
COVENANT
ARTICLE 11: Right to an Adequate Standard of Living
More than two years following Hurricane
Mitch, thousands of families remain in temporary
shelters in the capital and in the countryside.
In March 2000, in Tegucigalpa alone, more
than 6,000 people lived in five huge government-sponsored
macro-shelters and thousands stayed in crowded conditions
with their families.
[34]
IWRAW visited one of five macro-shelters in
Colonia Soto, Tegucigalpa, where families live in
extremely poor, inadequate and crowded conditions.
Children have no shoes or clothing and
the hygienic conditions are very poor.
For instance, IWRAW met a family of eight,
who lives in one tiny room. Residents of the shelter feel that they are
forgotten by the government —
like “prisoners” in the shelter.
In some of the shelters, there are no teachers
and no school supplies for children.
In February 2000, a group of women at the
Tegucigalpa macro-shelter formed a committee to
protest the situation and to ask the government
to allocate inexpensive land to the shelter residents
on which they would be able to afford to build new
homes. They were conducting a letter-writing campaign,
but as of the end of 2000 there was no response
from the authorities.
[35]
COVENANT
ARTICLE 12:
Right to Physical and Mental Health
Violence
Against Women
According to Lyda Pierce of CCD, in addition
to unemployment and poverty, domestic violence is
one of the most serious problems women face in Honduras.
Pierce stated that it was difficult to fight
the problem in the context of the acute economic
situation. The
Ley Contra la Violencia Intrafamiliar (The
Law Against Family Violence) was adopted in 1997,
but its application has not been effective.
[36]
According to activists in Honduras, the government
does not give sufficient financial support and political
backing to programs related to the implementation
of the law, such as family counseling and legal
assistance to victims of abuse.
[37]
There is not enough money to train judges and
police to sensitize them in dealing with instances
of domestic abuse and other instances of gender-related
violence, such as rape. Moreover, police officers and other enforcement
officials often do not know that the law exists.
[38]
Another problem is also a huge case backlog
as the Consejería
de la Familia (Council on the Family),
an office established under the Health Secretariat
to deal with cases of domestic violence, remains
extremely underfunded. The Consejería, for example,
does not have its own legal staff.
Women have reported to NGOs that when reporting
rape and other violence to law enforcement officials,
they were treated very aggressively and accused
of provoking the attack, for example, by being asked,
“Why were you out that late?”
[39]
Access
to Health care
The government has started privatizing health
care in the past several years with a resulting
decline in access for many people.
Currently, even at state-run hospitals an
unofficial payment is required for childbirth services,
ranging from 70-100 lempiras (US$4.65-10.33).
Without payment, women do not receive adequate
care and necessary medication.
[40]
Moreover, health care services are not provided
uniformly. In
the most isolated rural areas it is close to non-existent. The Misquita region, for example, lacks vaccinations, deparasiting,
and prenatal care.
There are no permanent physicians as the
Health Ministry has no presence there. One of the most deprived areas is also Intibulcá,
where the indigenous Lenca live.
The Lenca regions lack access to very basic
services and have only limited access to health
care. At the same time, the communities are plagued
by alcoholism and other social problems, which affect
the well-being and safety of families, and particularly
women and children.
[41]
Garífuna women, who live on the northern coast,
must drive 8-10 hours to the La Ceiba hospital to
receive health services.
Even those hospitals often lack necessary
supplies.
[42]
HIV/AIDS
Honduras has the highest HIV/AIDS incidence
(1.92 percent of the population) in Central America. The male-female ratio of 4:1 registered at
the beginning of the epidemic has shifted steadily
over the years and is now approaching parity (38
percent of women in 1996). Now more women are contracting HIV than men. The 25–29 age group is the most affected (21.8
percent), although the number of cases diagnosed
in children under 5 has been increasing (from 1.9
percent in 1987 to 4.8 percent in 1996). Geographically,
the largest proportion of AIDS cases are in the
northern region of the country (47.6 percent), followed
by the central region (20.4 percent). Of the cumulative total of 6,005 cases registered
up to 1996, 1,041 have died.
The percentage of infected women rose from
30.3 percent of all cases in 1992 to 38 percent
in 1996. In 1991, in San Pedro Sula — one of the
most affected regions — the incidence of HIV infection
stood at 3.6 percent among pregnant women and at
14 percent among prostitutes.
[43]
Reproductive
Rights
Although
Honduran NGO activists told IWRAW that since
December 1999, the government is making an effort
to implement its policy of reproductive health,
including distribution of condoms and a condom campaign
— chiefly to fight the high HIV/AIDS incidence —
there has been some resistance from the Catholic
Church. Two
influential groups linked to the Catholic Church,
PROVIDA (Pro-life) and Opus Dei, also have a strong
preference for “natural” contraception methods.
[44]
However, even when natural methods of birth
control are taught,
women are the only ones who are targeted
by educational programs.
As a result of this one-sided approach, women’s
partners often do not accept using any contraception
methods. There
have been instances of women being beaten by their
husbands who found contraceptive pills.
[45]
Abortion is prohibited by law.
COVENANT
ARTICLES 13 AND 14: Right to Education
Historically Honduras has suffered an acute
shortage of teachers in the provinces, especially
in the rural zones. The problem has deepened as many children displaced
by Hurricane Mitch have been unable to register
at schools, largely because of the teacher shortage.
[46]
It is common for girls as young as age four
to start taking care of their younger siblings. This practice often inhibits them from attending school, while their
brothers have no such responsibility.
[47]
COVENANT
ARTICLE 15: Right to Participation in Cultural Life
and
Benefits of Scientific Progress
Garífuna
According to Ely Melendez, vice-president
of Enlace
Mujeres Negras Honduras (Connection of Black
Women of Honduras), one of the most important issues
of the Garífuna black community in Honduras is the
question of the preservation of the Garífuna culture,
including the music, dance, crafts, and cultural rituals.
[48]
According to Melendez, in the North coast area
where most Garífuna communities live, the government
does not make an effort to preserve the culture
and the culture suffers a “profound lack of respect.” For example,
the government has tried to develop a program of
“criadas de pollo” (chicken raising) among Garífuna women — while seafood
is the staple protein for the Garífuna.
[49]
ACTIONS
TAKEN BY OTHER UN HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS
Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the
Child: Honduras. 24/08/99.
CRC/C/15/Add.105
Concerns
and recommendations:
• Concern
about the use of the biological criterion of puberty
to set different ages of maturity between boys and
girls. This practice is contrary to the principles
and provisions of the Convention and constitutes
a form of gender-based discrimination which affects
the enjoyment of all rights; introduce the adequate reforms to its domestic
legislation in order to bring it into full conformity
with the principles and provisions of the Convention.
• Reinforce
measures to combat the prevalence of cultural attitudes
and traditions which are patriarchal and discriminatory
against the girl child; increase measures to reduce
economic and social disparities, including between
urban and rural areas, to prevent discrimination
against the most disadvantaged groups of children,
such as the girl child, children with disabilities,
children belonging to indigenous and ethnic groups,
children living in and/or working on the streets
and children living in rural areas; strengthen efforts
to revise prevailing cultural attitudes and traditional
practices which constitute a form of gender-based
discrimination; undertake educational campaigns
to raise awareness of the need to prevent and combat
discrimination on the grounds of gender and ethnic
origin.
• Reinforce
and take all available measures to prevent and combat
cases of abuse and ill-treatment of children, insufficient
awareness regarding the harmful consequences of
ill-treatment and abuse, including sexual abuse,
both within and outside the family; law enforcement
should be strengthened with respect to child abuse
and adequate procedures and mechanisms to deal with
complaints of child abuse should be reinforced in
order to provide children with prompt access to
justice to avoid impunity for the offenders; educational
programmes should be established to combat traditional
attitudes within society regarding this issue.
• Concern
at the high and increasing rate of teenage pregnancy
and the insufficient access by teenagers to reproductive
health education and counselling services, including
outside schools and at the increasing rate of substance
abuse among adolescents; continue, with the support
of international cooperation, with its efforts in
the prevention of HIV/AIDS ;
undertake comprehensive and multidisciplinary
study to understand the scope of adolescent health
problems and as a basis to promote adolescent health
policies and strengthen reproductive health education
and counselling services. The Committee also recommends
that further efforts be undertaken for the development
of child-friendly counselling services as well as
care and rehabilitation facilities for adolescents;
strengthen measures to prevent and combat substance
abuse among adolescents.
• While
the Committee takes note of the reforms to the Penal
Code and of the training given to the municipal
children's defenders to prevent and combat sexual
abuse and exploitation of children, it expresses
concern at the absence of data and of a comprehensive
study on the issue of sexual commercial exploitation
of children as well as the lack of a national plan
of action to tackle this issue. In light of article
34 and other related articles of the Convention,
the Committee recommends that the State party undertake
studies with a view to designing and implementing
appropriate policies and measures, including care
and rehabilitation, to prevent and combat this phenomenon.
The Committee recommends to the State party to take
into account the recommendations formulated in the
Agenda for Action adopted at the World Congress
Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
held in Stockholm in 1996.
[1]
IWRAW interviews with activists in
Tegucigalpa, February 2000.
[2]
Pan American Health Organization,
Honduras: Basic Country Health Profiles, Summaries
1999, available at: www.paho.org/English/SHA/prflhon.htm>,
accessed 26 September 2000.
[3]
World Bank Group, Honduras: Overview, available at <www.worldbank.org>, accessed
25 September 2000.
[4]
The
World Factbook: Honduras, available at <www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ho.html>,
accessed 10 October 2000.
[6]
Food and Agriculture Organisation,
Women, Agriculture and Rural Development. Fact
Sheet: Honduras - Women, agriculture and rural
development (World Bank Atlas, 1994), on-line,
available at <www.fao.org/docrep/V9650e/v9650e00.htm>,
accessed 25 September 2000.
[10]
IWRAW interview with Emma Mejía-Sabonge,
Director of Acciónes para el Desarollo Poblacional
(ADP), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[12]
IWRAW interview with Emma Mejía-Sabonge,
Director of Acciónes para el Desarollo Poblacional
(ADP), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[13]
Melanie Wetzel, “Divorce Made Easy,”
Honduras
This Week, on-line, 28 June 1999, available
at www.marrder.com/htw/jun99/business.htm, accessed
20 April 2001.
[14]
IWRAW interviews with activists in
Tegucigalpa, February 2000.
[15]
United Nations Development Program, Human
Development Report 2000: Gender-related Development
Index, p. 163.
[16]
“Women Find New Ways to Cope with the Effects of Mitch on their Lives,”
Enlace [Publication of the Christian Commission
for Development in Honduras (CCD)], no. 3 (December
1999):8.
[18]
IWRAW interview with Anna Fink of
CCD and with various Honduran activists, Tegucigalpa,
18 February 2000.
[19]
IWRAW interview with María Elena Mendez
of the Centro de Estudio de la Mujer (Center for
the Study of Women), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18
February 2000.
[20]
“Latam-Labor: Less and Less Stability,
Especially for Women,” Business
& Industry, 30 April 1997.
[21]
“Labor-Americas: Students Push for
Sweatshop-Free Clothes,” Inter-Press
Service, 11 October 1998.
[22]
IWRAW interview with María Elena Mendez
of the Centro de Estudio de la Mujer (Center for
the Study of Women), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18
February 2000.
[23]
“Yoo Yang Renews Lease, Easing Fear
of Flight; Union Legal Recognition Filed,” US/LEAP
(U.S. Labor Education in the Americas Project)
Newsletter, August 2000, available at <www.americas.org>,
accessed 3 October 2000.
[25]
“Kimi Closes, Runs to Guatemala,”
US/LEAP (U.S. Labor Education in the Americas
Project) Newsletter (August 2000), available
at <www.americas.org>, accessed 3 October
2000.
[27]
Food and Agriculture Organisation,
Women, Agriculture and Rural Development. Fact
Sheet: Honduras - Women, Agriculture and Rural
development (World Bank Atlas, 1994), on-line,
available at <www.fao.org/docrep/V9650e/v9650e00.htm>,
accessed 25 September 2000.
[32]
“Flesh Can Rot Quickly,” The Gazette (Montreal) 29 November 1998.
Sect: Magazine Pg. C2.
[33]
“Central America Shuts Eyes to Prostitution
of Children,” Toronto
Star 18 September 2000. Sect: Life.
[34]
“Women
Find New Ways to Cope with the Effects of Mitch
on their Lives,” Enlace [Publication of the Christian Commission
for Development in Honduras (CCD)], no. 3 (December
1999):8.
[35]
IWRAW interview with victims of Hurricane
Mitch, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[36]
IWRAW interview with Emma Mejía-Sabonge,
Director of Acciónes para el Desarollo Poblacional
(ADP), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[39]
IWRAW interview with Lyda Pierce of
CCD, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 19 February 2000.
[40]
IWRAW interview with Emma Mejía-Sabonge,
Director of Acciónes para el Desarollo Poblacional
(ADP), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[41]
IWRAW interview with Lyda Pierce of
CCD, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 19 February 2000
[42]
“South to Honduras,” Midwifery Today & Childbirth Education
31 December 1998. no. 48: 59.
[43]
Pan-American Health Organization,
Honduras: Basic Country Health Profiles, Summaries
1999, on-line, available at<www.paho.org/English/SHA/prflhon.htm>,
accessed 26 September 2000.
[44]
IWRAW interview with Emma Mejía-Sabonge,
Director of Acciónes para el Desarollo Poblacional
(ADP), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[46]
IWRAW interview with Suyaba Amador
of Movimiento de Mujeres por la Paz Visitación
Padilla, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 18 February 2000.
[47]
“Flesh Can Rot Quickly,” The Gazette (Montreal) 29 November 1998.
Sect: Magazine Pg. C2.
[48]
IWRAW interview with Ely Melendez
of Enlace Mujeres Negras - Honduras, Tegucigalpa,
Honduras, 18 February 2000.
