Distr.
GENERAL
UNEDITED VERSION
E/C.12/1/Add.109
13 May 2005
Original: ENGLISH
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Thirty-fourth session
25 April - 13 May 2005
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES
UNDER ARTICLES 16 AND 17 OF THE COVENANT
Concluding observations of the Committee
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
NORWAY
1. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights considered the fourth
periodic report of Norway on the implementation of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C.12/4/Add.14) at its 14th to 15th
meetings, held on 3 and 4 May 2005 (see E/C.12/2005/SR.14-15), and adopted,
at its 27th meeting, held on 13 May 2005, the following concluding observations.
A. Introduction
2. The Committee welcomes the submission of the fourth periodic report of the
State party and the comprehensive written replies to the list of issues. The
Committee also welcomes the frank and constructive dialogue with the delegation
of experts of the State party.
B. Positive aspects
3. The Committee appreciates the State party’s commitment to international cooperation
as reflected in the volume of official development assistance (ODA) standing
at 0.92 percent of the gross national income (GNI). The Committee also welcomes
the importance attached to human rights in the State party’s Action Plan for
Combating Poverty in the South towards 2015.
4. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Human Rights Act of 21 May 1999,
which incorporated the Covenant into domestic law stipulating in section 3 that
the Covenant takes precedence over any other legislative provisions that conflict
with it.
5. The Committee welcomes the adoption on 26 April 2005 of the Act prohibiting
ethnic and religious discrimination.
6. The Committee welcomes policies and measures adopted to strengthen the protection
of economic, social and cultural rights, including within the framework of the
2002 Plan of Action for Combating Poverty and the National Plan of Action to
Combat Racial Discrimination (2002-2006).
7. The Committee notes with appreciation the submission to Parliament, on 1
October 2004, of a new white paper on Norway as a multicultural society, which
includes people with various backgrounds, ethnicities, religions, cultures,
languages and ways of life.
8. The Committee welcomes the National Plan of Action against Trafficking (2003-2005)
and the introduction of a specific penal provision on trafficking in human beings,
which entered into force in July 2003, as well as the State party’s ratification
in September 2003 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children.
C. Factors and difficulties impeding the implementation of the Covenant
9. The Committee notes the absence of significant factors or difficulties impeding
the effective implementation of the Covenant in the State party.
D. Principal subjects of concern
10. The Committee is concerned about cases of discrimination faced by persons
with immigrant background, particularly in the areas of housing and work.
11. The Committee is concerned about problems faced by persons with immigrant
background, in particular women, in accessing the labour market. The committee
notes in this regard the limited effect of measures taken so far by the State
party to increase the participation of immigrants in the labour market.
12. The Committee notes with concern the persistent salary differences between
men and women, despite substantial measures taken to end discrimination against
women in the workplace.
13. The Committee is concerned at the high incidence of accidents in the fishing
and off- shore petroleum industries.
14. The Committee expresses concern at the high number of children who are removed
from their families and placed in institutions or foster homes in the State
party.
15. The Committee is concerned that domestic violence is still a widespread
problem in the State party and notes the lack of specific legislation concerning
domestic violence.
16. The Committee is concerned that the subsistence requirement imposes an undue
constraint on the ability of some foreigners, including those who have been
granted residence permit on humanitarian grounds, to be reunited with their
closest family.
17. The Committee is concerned that Norway is a destination for trafficking
in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
18. The Committee notes with concern the increasing number of evictions carried
out in the State party, especially in Oslo, mainly as a consequence of unpaid
rent. The Committee is also concerned that the disadvantaged and marginalized
groups in society are particularly affected by the privatization of municipal
social housing and rising housing prices. Despite the assistance provided through
the State Housing Bank, the Committee is particularly concerned that the number
of social housing units for low income individuals and families is far from
adequate. It regrets in this regard the lack of information on the number of
people living in illegal settlements and whether they are liable to forced evictions
and the number of persons on waiting lists for municipal social housing.
19. The Committee notes with concern that an estimated 5,200 people are homeless
in the State party. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that rejected asylum-seekers
who cannot be sent home to their countries of origin are not offered accommodation
in reception centres after the deadline set for departure.
20. The Committee is concerned about information received that many asylum-seeking
children who suffer from trauma and illness are not afforded adequate assistance.
21. The Committee is concerned about the high incidence of eating disorders
among adolescents in the State party and about the high incidence of suicide
among adolescent boys aged 15-19.
22. The Committee is concerned about the restrictions placed on the access to
education of asylum seekers, as asylum-seeking children only have access to
free primary and lower secondary education and asylum seekers over the age of
18 are not offered courses in Norwegian.
E. Suggestions and recommendations
23. In the light of the Supreme Court ruling in the “KLR case” (Supreme Court
Reports 2001, p. 1006), which states that international treaties that have been
incorporated into national legislation can only be directly applied when it
is possible to derive concrete rights and duties from their provisions, the
Committee reaffirms the principle of the interdependence and indivisibility
of all human rights and that all economic, social and cultural rights are justiciable
and urges the State party to ensure that all the provisions of the Covenant
are given effect to by its domestic courts. In this regard, the Committee refers
the State party to its General Comment No. 9 on domestic application of the
Covenant.
24. The Committee recommends that the State party pursues efforts to ensure
the full independence of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights as a national
human rights institution in compliance with the Paris Principles.
25. The Committee requests the State party to provide in its next periodic report
disaggregated information on its official development assistance, indicating
funds allocated to different sectors in the areas of economic, social and cultural
rights. Information is also sought on measures taken by the State party to ensure
compliance with Covenant obligations in its international development cooperation.
26. The Committee urges the State party to ensure that the Finnmark Act, which
is currently being considered by Parliament, give due regard to the rights of
the Sami people to participate in the management and control of natural resources
in the county of Finnmark. The Committee requests the State party to provide
in its next periodic report updated information about the implementation of
the Finnmark Act and the extent to which the opinions of representatives of
the Sami people have been taken into consideration.
27. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen measures to combat
discrimination against persons with immigrant background and ensure the effective
monitoring of anti-discrimination legislation.
28. The Committee encourages the State party to continue and strengthen its
measures to overcome the obstacles faced by persons with immigrant background,
in particular women, in accessing the labour market.
29. The Committee encourages the State party to ratify the International Convention
on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their
Families.
30. The Committee encourages the State party to continue and strengthen its
efforts to ensure that women and men have equal access to the labour market
and receive equal pay for work of equal value. In particular, the State party
should take measures to encourage women to choose occupations and professions
which are traditionally held by men and are better remunerated.
31. The Committee encourages the State party to strengthen its efforts to ensure
safe working conditions for workers in the fishing and off-shore petroleum industries.
32. The Committee requests the State party to address the situation of children
who are removed from their families and placed in institutions or foster homes
and to take measures to identify and address the underlying causes. In this
regard, the Committee recommends that the State party undertakes periodic comprehensive
reviews for children placed in institutions or foster homes and strengthen its
efforts to provide parents with the necessary assistance and support to enable
them to exercise their parental role and responsibilities in the upbringing
and education of their children. The Committee requests the State party to provide
in its next periodic report disaggregated data on an annual basis on the number
and ethnic origin of children placed in institutions or foster homes, the average
period of placement, the reasons for such placement, and measures taken to reunite
children with their biological parents.
33. The Committee urges the State party to give priority to ensuring the availability
of a sufficient number of places in kindergartens, particularly in densely populated
urban areas.
34. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen social, psychological
and legal measures taken within the framework of the Action Plan to Combat Violence
against Women (2004-2007) and to consider adopting specific legislation on domestic
violence. The Committee requests the State party to provide information on progress
made in its next periodic report.
35. The Committee encourages the State party to consider easing restrictions
on family reunification in order to ensure the widest possible protection of,
and assistance to, the family.
36. The Committee urges the State party to continue and strengthen its efforts
to address the problems of trafficking in persons and commercial sexual exploitation,
and requests that the State party provides in its next periodic report detailed
information on progress achieved and difficulties encountered in the implementation
of the second National Plan of Action to combat trafficking in women, which
is due to be adopted in June 2005.
37. The Committee urges the State party to ensure that evictions of tenants
who cannot pay their rents and of squatters comply with the guidelines established
by the Committee in its General Comment No. 7 (1997) on the right to adequate
housing (article 11, paragraph 1, of the Covenant). Furthermore, the State party
should take effective measures, in line with the Committee’s General Comment
No. 4 (1991) on the right to adequate housing (article 11, paragraph 1, of the
Covenant), to provide in sufficient numbers housing units to cater for the needs
of low-income families and the disadvantaged and marginalized groups. The Committee
requests the State party to provide, in its next report, disaggregated data
on the number of persons on waiting lists for municipal social housing and information
on progress made to improve the overall housing situation.
38. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen measures to deal with
the problem of homelessness and to ensure that rejected asylum seekers who cannot
be sent home to their countries of origin be offered alternative accommodation.
39. The Committee encourages the State party to adopt effective measures to
address the underlying causes of regional disparities in health indicators.
40. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen measures taken to ensure
adequate health and psychiatric services for asylum-seeking children.
41. The Committee recommends that the State party continues and strengthens
measures taken to implement the coherent strategy developed in 2000 against
eating disorders and also ensures adequate follow-up on the Plan of Action against
Suicide.
42. The Committee recommends that the State party ensures that every decision
to detain a person with mental disorder for compulsory psychiatric treatment
be reviewed promptly by an independent judicial body.
43. The Committee encourages the State party to ensure that asylum seekers are
not restricted in their access to education while their claim for asylum is
being processed.
44. The Committee requests the State party to disseminate its concluding observations
widely among all levels of society, including State officials and the judiciary,
and to inform the Committee on steps taken to implement them in its next periodic
report. It also encourages the State party to continue to consult with non-governmental
organizations and other members of civil society in the preparation of its fifth
periodic report.
45. The Committee requests the State party to submit its fifth periodic report
by 30 June 2010.