Madagascar
186. The Committee considered the initial report of Madagascar (CEDAW/C/5/Add.65/Rev.2)
at its 236th and 237th meetings, on 18 and 19 January (see CEDAW/C/SR.236
and 237).
187. In introducing the report, the representative of the State party pointed
out that the report suffered from certain gaps and outdated information.
She noted that there was a general lack of statistical data and that the
last national census had been taken in 1975. She provided information about
recent measures taken to improve the situation of women, including amendments
to laws and activities undertaken by the Directorate for Women's and Children's
Affairs of the Ministry of Population, working in conjunction with non-governmental
organizations such as the 8th of March Association. She stated that the
new Constitution guaranteed complete equality for women and that a process
of democratization had been in progress since 1991.
188. The country's economy had suffered as a result of structural adjustment
programmes, so that workers were the lowest paid in the world.
189. Her country had participated in an African Regional Preparatory Meeting
for the Fourth World Conference on Women and a national workshop had been
organized in September 1992, which was being followed up by regional workshops
within the country.
190. Traditions and customs in the country were important and in certain
cases constituted obstacles to women's achievement of equality, while in
other cases they favoured women.
191. She noted that the report did not provide information on articles
1, 2 and 3 because it was considered that the articles were phrased too
generally for specific comment.
General observations
192. Members of the Committee expressed concern that the report lacked
statistics that could indicate the de facto situation of women and noted
that it lacked details on many points. In response, the representative
of the Government noted that the next report would contain more statistics
and would go into greater detail about issues. In many respects the country
had lacked sufficient administrative infrastructure to provide much information.
193. Members of the Committee stressed their concern about the effects
of structural adjustment programmes on women's advancement.
194. Referring to the question of traditions and customs, it was also pointed
out that traditions were deeply rooted; however, modernization did not
mean abandoning them but adapting them. Women were not just a vulnerable
group but half of the population and that fact had to be taken into account
when talking about progress.
195. The question was asked whether there had been any benefit to the country's
having ratified the Convention. In response, the representative noted that
ratification had resulted in article 6 of the new Constitution, which ensured
that there would be equality between men and women, and a special preambular
provision in the Constitution related to the Convention. That meant that,
under the positive law doctrine in force in the country, the Convention
was incorporated into all laws. In a follow-up comment, members noted that
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, in contrast to
other human rights instruments. It was observed that the Convention could
help in improving the situation of women, particularly through the implementation
of article 4.
196. In response to a question about the extent to which non-governmental
organizations were involved in preparing the report, it was stated that
an effort would be made to consult with such organizations in preparing
the next report.
Questions related to specific articles
Article 2
197. Having noted that no report had been made on article 2, members
of the Committee stressed the particular importance of the article, which
contained the entire normative infrastructure of the Convention and established
the basis for the Convention's implementation. It was noted that the report
reflected a patriarchal influence that would have to be addressed step
by step to update the role of women, in order to raise their status in
the country. In that respect there was a need for changes and new orientation.
198. In reply, the representative informed the Committee that the Government
had thought there was no need to provide details as they would have emerged
naturally from the development of the following articles. She stated that
the information would be included in the next report. She also noted that
there was a constitutional prohibition against discrimination based on
sex and that there was a provision for appeals to the Constitutional Court.
Article 4
199. The representative noted that no special measures had been taken.
Members expressed some concern about that matter, referring especially
to the fact that, in its report on article 8, the Government had indicated
that there was no prohibition with regard to public service. That was insufficient
and a more proper reply would be to take positive measures. There was a
tendency to see only de jure matters, whereas de facto change was
as important. It was noted that in fact it seemed that some special measures
had been taken.
200. In reply, it was noted that the workshop in 1992 mentioned above had
recommended 50 per cent participation by women in decision-making and that,
in 1993, the 8th of March Association had called for a 25 per cent quota
for women in the National Assembly, although that had not yet been achieved.
Article 5
201. In assessing the implementation of the article, the representative
noted that it was difficult to specify whether changes in attitudes had
occurred. There was a project under the Ministry of Population with UNFPA
funding that was concerned with family-based education and income-generation
by women, which included telling women about their rights. She also noted
the important role of non-governmental organizations, particularly women
journalists and the Association of Women Jurists.
202. It was asked whether the Government had a policy to eliminate discrimination
in the labour force and whether there was a plan.
203. In reply, the representative noted the centres that had been established
to be used for education and training, which sought to mobilize women for
action. The Government had two programmes on the radio to provide education
on family law.
Article 6
204. The representative noted that the problem of prostitution was
found in the informal sector and was related to poverty. It was also related
to rural-urban migration and urban growth. While it was illegal, laws were
difficult to enforce because of an inability to recruit additional police.
205. The attention of the Government was drawn to the Committee's general
recommendation 19 on violence against women, and information was requested
on whether women and women prostitutes had the same rights to protection
against violence as other women and access to health services and HIV/AIDS
programmes. In reply, the representative stated that prostitution was generally
disapproved of but that the society was flexible in condemning women because
of the existing poverty and the need to survive. Violence was considered
a breach of the law whether it involved prostitutes or other women, but
had degrees of seriousness that were penalized appropriately, ranging from
fines to imprisonment.
Article 7
206. The representative stated that women enjoyed equal rights with
men with regard to voting and holding office. There were 7 women deputies
out of 138 in the National Assembly, although only one female member of
the Government, the State Secretary for Higher Education, was a woman.
The President of the Appeals Courts was a woman, as well as one of six
university rectors, and women were found at other levels of the government
administration, including the Office of the Controller, which was headed
by a woman. In August 1993, a campaign had begun to put women at the head
of electoral lists for the next elections in 1994.
207. More details were requested in the next report on the issue of women
and decision-making as well as information about the causes for their limited
participation in that field.
Article 8
208. The representative noted that there was no prohibition against
women representing the country at international levels, but no women had
been appointed ambassador since independence.
209. Commenting on that matter, members of the Committee raised questions
about the actual situation and the measures taken to bring the equality
in law into practice.
Article 9
210. Regarding the question of nationality, the representative said
that equality was not a problem.
211. Referring to the exceptional circumstances in which the nationality
of a Malagasy mother could determine the nationality of her legitimate
children, the question was asked what would be the situation of a child
who had to wait until she or he was of age to claim the mother`s nationality
if the parents divorced. It was asked whether she or he was still prevented
from receiving the mother`s nationality.
Article 10
212. The representative stated that equality of access to education
was stressed. She noted that in the provinces female enrolment was higher
than male and that, in general, the success level was higher for girls
than for boys. The situation had been jeopardized by the acute economic
crisis because, when individual choices had to be made to send only some
children to school, boys would be given preference.
Article 11
213. The representative indicated that laws guaranteed equal rights
in employment in both the public and the private sectors. In 1993 a growing
number of women had begun working in factories, especially in the export-processing
zone and in clothing manufacturing. There had been some harassment of women
reported in the export-processing zone, as well as threats by companies.
The salaries paid were at the lowest levels in the world.
214. Differences were noted between the benefits provided in the public
and in the private sector with regard to maternity leave and the reasons
for that were sought. In reply the representative noted that the differences
were due to the nature of the employer. It was easier to have the Government
comply than the private sector, although the attitudes that led to the
differences should be deplored.
Article 12
215. The representative indicated that there was also equality between
men and women in health issues but an increase in maternal mortality had
been noted in recent years.
216. Members of the Committee were concerned by the situation of rural
women and their access to health, and questioned the method used for family
planning and the high level of women's mortality. The representative stated
that both men and women enjoyed the same rights concerning health. Nevertheless,
two factors affected women's health: insufficient medical assistance and
family planning. Those factors had thus determined the objectives of the
national policy on population.
217. In answering a question whether there were special programmes for
women's health, the representative stated that there were some programmes,
such as that relating to breast cancer, and that HIV/AIDS was not a major
problem in the country. In response to a question on female circumcision,
she said that it was not practised.
218. The Committee requested an assessment of the results of the implementation
of health policies in effect and how they influenced young people, the
use of contraceptives by women and the involvement of non-governmental
organizations in those programmes. The Committee also expressed interest
in legal literacy to enable women to defend their own rights.
Article 13
219. The representative stated that women had guaranteed equal rights
to assistance provided to the family and facilities for credit as well
as for their participation in cultural and sports activities.
Article 14
220. The representative stated that women were guaranteed a right to
participate equally in agricultural activities.
221. Taking into account the fact that the majority of the population lived
in rural areas, information was requested on measures that had been taken
in respect of agrarian reform, irrigation, credit systems and other agricultural
inputs. The representative stated that women in the rural areas could participate
fully in organizations aimed at their advancement and that they could own
land.
222. In reply to a question raised in connection with the establishment
of a bank for dealing with credit in the rural areas, the representative
stated that it was a major concern in the country. However, the bank that
would deal with that issue had not been established. There was a project
for women which had set up a savings bank in mid-1993; no assessment had
been made as yet.
Article 15
223. The representative informed the Committee that there was no discrimination
against women in the justice system and they enjoyed legal provisions on
equal terms with men. Women could appear in court and represent themselves,
represent others, become members of the jury, have general access to legal
recourse, execute a will and be witnesses without interference from their
husbands. However, in certain regions there was a custom according to which
women could not inherit, although that was not supported by law. They could
inherit only if a will had been executed.
Article 16
224. The representative provided additional information, stating that
married women could retain their maiden names even in the context of their
traditions. With respect to any apparent differences between men and women,
when adultery was committed by a wife it was considered a major offence,
while in the case of the husband it was regarded as a simple offence with
minor penalties. She expressed disapproval in that regard, and indicated
that women were working together to tackle that point in the National Assembly.
In order for women to enjoy peace, equality and development, they needed
to win their rights.
225. Questions were raised about the situation of married women, including
equality in the choice of domicile, and the implementation of laws that
placed women in a disadvantaged position with respect to men. Other issues
raised along the same lines concerned unregistered common law unions and
other traditional practices that affected the dignity of the woman, for
example, when the husbands had to pay compensation in cases of conflict
and temporary separation; the difference in legal age for marriage between
boys and girls; the provision of the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
by which a 14-year-old was a child, and the provision of the national law
granting the right to marry to a 14-year-old girl; polygamy, which, although
forbidden by law, was increasing; inheritance rights and property rights.
226. In response to the questions, the representative explained that some
practices and traditions were favourable to women, who did not object to
them. Examples included being allowed to retain their maiden names and
to receive gifts in the course of solving marital conflicts.
227. According to the representative, in the view of the women of the country,
the compensation that was provided by the husband to the wife was not considered
as a price but as a penalty. It was also seen as a way of apologizing,
which the women liked very much. In addition it was also seen as a compensation
for abuses by the husband.
228. She explained that polygamy was beyond the control of the law as the
problem lay in the gap existing between the law and its enforcement. Many
people lived at the margin of the law and, given the inadequate number
of police, people could easily violate the law with impunity.
229. In providing an explanation in connection with spousal inheritance
rights, she said that, in the absence of a will, the surviving spouse was
relegated to the eighth place among the heirs by virtue of a custom of
retaining the property within a family and thus giving preference to children
in terms of inheritance.
230. With regard to the property acquired during the marriage, she provided
additional information to the effect that, when one of the spouses died,
the community property came to an end and, in accordance with the law,
the property acquired during marriage was divided into two if no will had
been made. Customary practice supported the principle that property acquired
before the marriage remained the property of the family. There had been
changes in the new law with respect to domicile, according to which the
decision had to be taken jointly by the spouses. Another change indicated
concerned the pension for the widow of an official, who was now allowed
to continue receiving the pension of the late husband. Those points were
indicated as part of the progress made with respect to equality of women.
231. The differences between boys and girls in the allowable age for marriage
had been based on fecundity. It was noted that the practice was also contrary
to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Concluding comments of the Committee
Positive aspects
232. The Committee commended the presentation of the report by the
distinguished representative, and members expressed their gratitude that,
in spite of the numerous difficulties facing the country, it has been possible
for the country to submit the report.
Principal subjects of concern
233. The Committee expressed its concern about the long delay in the
submission of the initial report. The report was found not to elaborate
on many of the articles. It failed to report sufficiently on several essential
articles of the Convention, such as articles 1, 2 and 3. That was serious
because article 2 was considered the heart of the Convention.
234. The Committee expected that serious omission to be rectified in the
next report, even although, during the dialogue with the representative,
an attempt was made to report on article 2.
235. Education and training were considered the springboard to development.
In giving females education and training, care must be taken not to concentrate
on traditional female occupations to avoid stereotyping and also to give
them the opportunity of having better-paid occupations.
236. As a matter of priority, obstacles to female employment needed to
be identified and addressed by the Government. That would help change the
false conception of women's capabilities and their role in the field of
employment.
Suggestions and recommendations
237. To allow the Committee to have a clear picture of the status of
women in Madagascar, it was important that subsequent reports include gender-segregated
statistics.
238. Since the report did not comment on article 2, and information was
given elsewhere on legal systems aimed at equality between men and women,
the next report should give clear information on that, and on the de facto
situation of women.
239. Generally not much had been done to enhance the status of women. Traditional
sex roles were deeply embedded in the culture and were generally to the
disadvantage of women. The workload on rural women was very heavy. The
Government should use article 4 of the Convention to accelerate the advancement
of women in Madagascar.
240. The two unequal laws on adultery should be abolished. Those laws were
very discriminatory. The law on inheritance also needed urgent review to
ensure that a woman's right to inherit was equal to that of a man.
241. The widespread practice of customary marriage might put women and
children into a vulnerable situation and the next report should indicate
how legal provisions were applied in situations to safeguard the rights
of the wife and children.
242. The Government of Madagascar needed to improve the health services
in general and particularly for women because improved health status of
women invariably improved the overall development of any country.
243. The next report should indicate what effective measures were being
taken by the Government to counter the alarming situation in women's health.
It should also provide more information on violence against women, especially
on women engaged in prostitution, and their health status.
244. The health situation in Madagascar was deteriorating despite the fact
that free health services were available to all. A rising child and maternal
mortality rate and declining life expectancy was totally unacceptable if
any meaningful benefit was to be derived from the ratification of the Convention.
A very high death rate of women due to abortion was also a matter of great
concern.
